IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Data stories and dashboard development: a case
study of an aviation schedule and delay causes
To cite this article: S S Salleh
et al
2023
IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.
1151 012049
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
You may also like
Designing and developing portable large-
scale JavaScript web applications within
the Experiment Dashboard framework
J Andreeva, I Dzhunov, E Karavakis et al.
-
Experiment Dashboard for Monitoring of
the LHC Distributed Computing Systems
J Andreeva, M Devesas Campos, J
Tarragon Cros et al.
-
Towards a teacher dashboard design for
interactive simulations
D López Tavares, K Perkins, M Kauzmann
et al.
-
This content was downloaded from IP address 209.141.32.104 on 29/11/2023 at 02:15
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
1
Data stories and dashboard development: a case study of an
aviation schedule and delay causes
S S Salleh
1,2
*, A S Shukri
1
, N I Othman
1
and N S M Saad
1
1
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan
Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
2
Malaysia Institute of Transport (MITRANS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
*ssalwa@uitm.edu.my
Abstract. In this case study, five key processes in modelling a data story of aviation data patterns
during COVID-19 have been executed. It started with the collection of secondary data from
relevant sources. Data inspection, transformation, and preparation activities, including data
cleaning, filtering, and sampling, are all included in this work. Iterative exploratory data analysis
(EDA) has been conducted to determine the pattern of each independent attribute, followed by
an assessment after the data story is modelled and integrated on a dashboard. The questionnaire
has been distributed and the visuals were assessed by giving respondents a few tasks to interpret
stories based on their comprehension. The result shows that the data stories have been interpreted
in a similar narrative by all the respondents. The overall mean score is 4.71, and this significantly
shows that the respondents agree and strongly agree that the visual objects help in
communicating patterns and stories. The overall process gives researchers experience and
guidelines for future work. Overall, the objectives of the study have been met. Nevertheless, it
gives researchers a lot of experience in interpreting data, cleansing and transformation, analysis,
modelling the visualisation by selecting suitable charts, and integrating the objects together into
a dashboard.
Keywords: Data visualisation. Data stories, aviation, dashboard, descriptive analysis
1. Introduction
Exploring data stories and presenting the outcomes in the form of a visual uses a lot of basic and
advanced graphics as its main aim is to convey insights and tell a dataset's story [1]. Its goal is to help
the audience understand the story by using a simplified form of two-dimensional or three-dimensional
charts. Typically, these visuals are incorporated into a dashboard for operational analysis because they
allow users to explore the story interactively. The dashboard gives users an overall perspective of the
situation as it currently stands without going into too much detail [2]. In this context, a dashboard is
generally defined as a straightforward front end for monitoring, analysing, and optimising important
business processes by empowering people at all hierarchical levels to make better decisions [2, 3].
Ideally, the visuals must be understandable and intuitive for non-technical users in terms of data display
to ensure that users gain meaningful knowledge to make timely decisions and other associated activities
[3]. It can be in the form of single-view reporting displays or interactive interfaces with numerous views
and uses [4]. However, the type of chart used in the dashboard may or may not facilitate comprehension,
whereby choosing the incorrect chart type could confuse users or cause data misinterpretation. Thus, the
whole process of developing a dashboard must be exercised.
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
2
In the context of the aviation industry, discovering data stories is one of the topics that has been
researched as there is a fragment in the ecosystem, or a gap between the data scientists and the domain
experts in the industry [5]. It is important for the industry to investigate and extract data stories of the
aviation schedule, as well as identify the pattern of flight operations to help the operators understand the
current situation. One of the most significant issues is flight delays, as it is a performance indicator of
any transportation system. Notably, commercial aviation defines delay as the amount of time an aircraft
is running late or delayed [6]. The U.S. Department of Transportation reported that flight problems were
the highest category of the complaints received in June 2022, with 1,686 (28.8%) concerned with
cancellations, delays, or other deviations from airlines’ schedules [7]. This demonstrates how important
it is to analyse the flight delay and its causes.
In his work, Vishwakarma et al. mentioned that delays cause effects leading from passengers’
monetary value to dissatisfaction [8]. He analysed and stated that flight delays are caused by many
diverse factors, ranging from adverse weather conditions, technical problems, restrictions in air-traffic,
and many more. They used big data technologies like Hadoop MapReduce, Apache Hive, Apache Pig,
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and MySQL in the analysis. Results show that the effect of
bad weather has a major impact on flight delays. However, there was no data visualisation output shown
in the study. Another study by Kumar et al. [9] proposed a method that addressed flight delay prediction
that applied computational and machine learning approaches. Besides, they also presented a timeline of
major works that depicts the relationship between the factors of the flight delay. His work used some
visuals, but not in a dashboard interactive mode. Richard et al. [10] work on an expert system that acts
as an intelligent agent to interrogate past aircraft occurrences using a Fuzzy Logic System (FLS). The
expert system is presented graphically and interactively using AcciMaps. However, not much visual has
been assessed and discussed in his work. Other works have been reviewed [11,12,13], but work on
aviation datasets and dashboard development is extremely limited. Thus, this research represents an
effort to investigate and present the process of analyzing, designing, and developing a dashboard with
visuals related to aviation operations monitoring. To demonstrate the findings, this study proposes a
prototype that has been developed. To meet that purpose, the study's objectives are as follows: (i) to
identify, select, and prepare relevant attributes for aviation delay monitoring and causes; (ii) to design
visual objects to facilitate the data stories of the attributes; and (iii) to assess the dashboard's formative
functionality and usability of the data story.
This paper is organised and starts with an introduction (I) that covers the study background,
problem's definition, objectives, and related work. In Section 2, methods and materials (M) are
presented, followed by Section 3 that presents the result (R) and discussion (D). Concluding remarks
are in the final section, where future work is proposed. Within the dataset, the objective of data stories
that are intended to be obtained are: (i) the trend of scheduled flights and actual flights based on monthly;
the highest flight distribution by states; and the busiest airline; (ii) the pattern of the on-time, delayed,
and cancelled status of flights and the flight's punctuality based on the duration of delays during flight
departure and flight arrival; and (iii) identify the most likely causes of flight delay and reasons for flight
cancellation.
2. Methods and Material
This study consists of four steps. The following Figure 1 shows the overall steps. The first step was to
obtain the data from relevant sources, where technical skills such as MySQL are necessary to analyse
the data. The second step involved data examination, transformation, and preparation duties, where data
scrubbing, filtering, and sampling have been done. Corresponding to that, scrubbing data also includes
suggesting values for the missing data as well as deriving new attributes. The third stage comes
afterwards by exploring the data to get an overview of each attribute pattern. Different data types, such
as numerical data, categorical data, ordinal and nominal data, will require different treatments. An
Explanatory Data Analysis (EDA) technique has been implemented iteratively in steps 2 and 3 as it
helps to identify the pattern of data in each independent attribute. The fourth stage is the modelling of
the data story in the form of visual representation and arranging each of the objects on a dashboard.
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
3
Here, the selection of significant types of data visualisation delivers the correct story of the data. In the
final step, which is an assessment where the models and data stories will be interpreted by giving 13
respondents a few tasks to interpret the data stories based on their understanding. Findings from the
assessment help with improving the data visualisation and dashboard design.
Figure 1. Steps involved in the study
The target users of the dashboard are airline R&D personnel. The dashboard will be useful for
them to view and understand the patterns interactively and to understand the patterns of previous data
stories, which helps in making concise decision-making that minimises the cost incurred due to
rescheduling flight delays and cancellations. The dataset used in this study is "On-Time: Reporting
Carrier On-Time Performance (1987present)". It has been gathered and compiled by the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics of the United States Department of Transportation and is accessible from [14].
The original datasets contain 4,688,354 records of one-year data from January 1st, 2020, to December
31st, 2020. Random data sampling had been done to cater to only 2% of the entire sample size, as it was
reduced to only 68,567 records. Twenty attributes have been chosen as they are closely related to the
data story objectives. To maintain the pattern in the sample, the actual pattern has been referred to from
the original dataset. As mentioned above, the EDA has been performed on independent attributes as this
is to explore data patterns, identify any anomalies, and verify assumptions using summary statistics and
graphical representations. Figure 2 shows the visual of the attribute types of airlines: departure,
cancellation status, reasons of cancellation, and causes of delay. During EDA, blank values for some of
the attributes have been found. However, from analysis, these blank values have their own meanings.
For instance, the blank values in the departure delay and arrival delay will indicate that the flights are
being cancelled. The blank values for the reasons of the cancellation will indicate that the flights are not
being cancelled. On the other hand, the blank values in the delay time for all the causes of delay have
been tokenized as 0 to indicate that there are no delays for that flight corresponding to those causes.
Apart from that, there are several outliers as shown in the boxplot for the departure delay and arrival
delay attributes. To overcome this, all the charts that are related to both attributes will use the average
delay time for each flight departure and flight arrival. This is to ensure that the outliers do not affect the
overall data story. Data preparation involves a lot of tokenization tasks. For example, in the token for
the cancellation status, 0 means the flight is not cancelled; 1 means the flight is cancelled. For the
purposes of this cancellation, token A means carrier, B means weather, C means National Aviation
System (NAS), and D means security.
Data acquisition
Data
Data exploration
(EDA)
Visualisation
design
Assessment
Iterative
Iterative
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
4
Figure 2. Data visualisation of an independent attribute from an EDA exercise
To achieve the data story objectives, two new attributes have been derived, which are “Departure
Status” and “Arrival Status”. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a flight is said
to be delayed when it is late for more than 15 minutes of its scheduled time [15]. Figure 3 shows the
snapshots of the derivative attributes.
Figure 3. Snapshots of derivative attributes
In the design and development process, the arrangement of visual objects in the dashboard has
been done in accordance with Gestalt theory [16]. While the chart was chosen based on the proposed
study by [17], The study mentioned that it is important to use charts that are appropriate and capable of
providing an in-depth interpretation and presentation of the data in a split second. To accomplish this,
the design and implementation exercise went through three cycles of data story interpretation exercises
and experimented with various types of charts before settling on the final one. Literally, it is a repetitive
process where changes and modifications are made frequently until the dashboard is finally completed
and satisfied by the respondents. The respondents of the exercise were three experts in data visualisation
and ten graduate students who had taken a course on data visualization, and they were asked to rate the
dashboard. Figure 4 shows the dashboard design and its reading flow have been indicated in five dotted
lines. Charts constructed to achieve related objectives have been shown in the red box. Each of the
objects and charts serves its own purposes as described in Table 1.
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
5
Dashboards provide flexibility for users to modify the visual representations of objects inside
those objects or select the dimensions and measures to visualise [4]. During the assessment, the reading
flow of the dashboard starts with page 1. In the first row, the user will first look at 4 filters, which are
filters for the month, airline, state, and flight status. These filters will be used to navigate the data
according to the user's preferences. Starting with the column labelled as 2, the user will look at the 5
cards that display the total number of scheduled flights, actual flights, cancelled flights, airlines, and
states. Following that, the user will move to the next column at 3. In this column, the user will first look
at the combination of bar chart and line chart on the number of flights by month, as well as a map chart
on the distribution of flights by state. Lastly, for page 1, a bubble chart of the number of flights by airline
is displayed. Continue to page 2, where the user will look at the fourth column. This column consists of
a simple chart of the number of flights by status. Next to this chart, there will be two tornado charts that
display the average departure and arrival delays by month, as well as the percentage of flights by
departure and arrival punctuality. Lastly, the user will look at the last column, labelled as 5. In this
column, there will be a spider chart and a 100% stacked bar chart. The respective charts are used for the
percentage likelihood of the cause of delay and the reasons of cancellation by month. In addition, all the
charts have been arranged according to the sequence of the data story objectives. Meanwhile, the second
objective is achieved by the first 3 charts on page 2, indicated by label number 4. These charts explain
the on-time, delayed, and cancelled status of flights and the flight's punctuality based on the duration of
delays during flight departure and flight arrival. Lastly, the last 2 charts on page 2, indicated by label
number 5, explain the most common causes of flight delays and the reasons for flight cancellations by
month.
Figure 4. Screen shots of the dashboard shows its reading flow
Table 1. Visual objects and its purposes
No
Charts Title
Purposes
1
Number of Flight by Month
To analyse the number of flights that follow the schedule every month,
2
Distribution of Flight by State
To determine the busiest state based on the most flights scheduled
3
Number of Flight by Airline
To determine the busiest airline based on the most flights scheduled
4
Number of Flight by Status
To determine the status of the relationship between the flight departure
and flight arrival.
5
Average Departure and Arrival
Delay by Month (minute)
To compare and analyse the average flight delays between departure
and arrival every month.
6
Percentage of Flight by
Departure and Arrival
Punctuality (minute)
To analyse the punctuality of the flights based on the percentage of
delays during departure and arrival.
7
Percentage likelihood of the
Causes of Delay
To investigate the overall main cause of flight delays.
8
Reasons of Cancellation by
Month
To investigate the main reason for flight cancellations every month.
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
6
3. Results
The assessment followed and adopted a technique, namely "Evaluating Communication through
Visualization" (CTV) [18,19]. The result was obtained based on the Likert scale used in the instrument
on a 5-scale where 0 to 5 indicates strongly disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree, respectively.
The respondents had been given a set of questions to answer, and in the last part, there were three writing
tasks at random on storytelling narration. The scores for the narration were based on a 5-scale rubric of
adequate, adequate but not comprehensive, partly comprehensive, comprehensive, and very
comprehensive, respectively. The overall mean score is 4.71, and this significantly shows that the
respondents strongly agree that the visual objects are able to communicate the stories significantly. The
outcome of the story-telling narration tasks indicated that the users were able to comprehend the data
stories.
Table 2. Result of CTV and narration tasks exercise
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
Questions
Overall
I learn the
data insights
better and/or
faster using
the
visualization
tools
Can I learn the data
insights better
and/or faster using
the visualisation
objects
Each visual object is
helpful in explaining
and communicating
the insights
I interact with each
visualisations object
using filters, sliders,
and boxes
Can useful information
be extracted from a
casual information
visualization?
Mean
Std
Dev
Task
1
Task
2
Task
3
1
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
3.71
0.49
2
4
5
5
5
4
4
4
4.43
0.53
3
4
5
5
5
4
4
4
4.43
0.53
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
4
4.43
0.53
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5.00
0.00
6
4
5
4
5
4
4
4
4.29
0.49
7
4
5
5
4
4
4
4
4.29
0.49
8
4
5
5
5
4
4
4
4.43
0.53
9
4
5
4
5
4
5
5
4.57
0.53
10
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
4.86
0.38
11
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4.57
0.53
12
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
4.14
0.38
13
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
4.71
0.49
Average
4.45
0.45
4. Discussion
4.1. Data story
The objectives of the data stories have been successfully achieved, and respondents have consistently
written similar narrations of stories in the exercises. The monthly flight schedule showed that most of
the flights have accordingly followed the schedule throughout the months, except for the first and second
quarter of the year, especially in March and April. Besides, the number of flights has also significantly
dropped during these two months. As a matter of fact, the occurrence of COVID-19 during the early
months of the year 2020 is evidence of its contributing to flight cancellation. It was also found that the
busiest states that operated the highest number of flights were covered by Texas and California (a total
of 21% of flights) on the West and South sides of the mainland of the United States, respectively. The
busiest airline is Southwest Airlines, where they operate 20% of the flights throughout the year. Despite
the impact that comes from the COVID-19 outbreak, most of the flights are on-time during both
departure and arrival at more than 90%. Adding to that, both the monthly average departure delay and
the monthly average arrival delay only range between 0.93 minutes and 2.88 minutes, which is
considerably not too late. Most of the flights are also likely to be punctual upon departure and arrival,
with more than 80% of the flights in total. Regardless, the most common cause of delay is due to carrier
issues. To minimise the likelihood of the same cause occurring again, circumstances within the airline's
control, such as maintenance or crew problems, aircraft cleaning, baggage loading, fuelling, need to be
managed excessively from time to time. As for the common reason for cancellation, it happens to be
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
7
security issues, with more than 60% of cancelled flights for each month of occurrence. However, bad
weather has the major occurrence of cancelled flights with a total occurrence of 10 out of 12 months as
compared to security with only 6 months of occurrences. The analysis demonstrates that COVID-19
indeed has a clear impact on the United States' air traffic, where the number of flights has dropped by
more than 40% on average. However, the evidence of an inconsistent rise and fall in the demand for
flights throughout the third and fourth quarter of the year shows that airline companies have been slowly
recovering but still hurting from the unforeseen consequences caused by the spread of COVID-19
variants. With that, it can be concluded that there are 17 airline companies, 343 flights cancelled, 5
causes of flight delays, and 4 reasons for the flight to be cancelled.
4.2. Lesson Learnt
Based on this study, especially through the EDA, it was found that preparing the dataset sample has a
few problems:
a) The original dataset is huge and may contain many attributes that are not relevant to the study
objectives. Thus, the selection of specific attributes needs to be conducted carefully to ensure that
all relevant attributes are not overlooked. On the other hand, some of the attributes must be derived
to fulfil the analysis aims set at the initial stage.
b) Values in attribute “delay” in this dataset can be caused by multiple issues at the same time. For
instance, a delayed flight can be caused by both carrier issues and security issues at the same time.
The causes of these were divided into multiple attributes in this study. These five causes of delay
need a machine learning algorithm to group them together automatically. In our future work, further
analysis will be done to handle this issue.
c) It has been discovered that some attributes contain blank values with valuable meanings. Since the
values in each attribute have not been properly defined, mistakes in data interpretation could happen
as researchers may assume that the data is not complete and not valuable. Fortunately, in this study,
the researchers were able to realise the importance of these blank values as they have meaning. For
example, the blank values in the departure delay and arrival delay indicate that the flights are being
cancelled. On the other hand, the blank values for the attribute "reasons of the cancellation" indicate
that the flights are not being cancelled.
5. Conclusion
In this study, five key processes in the modelling of a data story in the form of a visual were carried out,
and the objects were integrated into a dashboard. It started with data collection from relevant sources.
Data inspection, transformation, and preparation activities, including data cleaning, filtering, and
sampling, are all included in this work. The dataset was then examined to gain a general understanding
of each attribute pattern. An iterative exploratory data analysis (EDA) has been employed to determine
anomalies and the data pattern in each independent attribute. An assessment has been conducted after
the data story and the dashboard have been modelled and developed. The result shows that, overall, the
data stories have been interpreted in a similar narrative by all the respondents. This study proves that
collaborative and iterative efforts are required and helps in ensuring data representation is chosen in a
way that tells the data's remarkable story. The overall process and findings help us in our future work to
improve data visualisation and the dashboard design process. Since all pertinent attributes had been
correctly selected and they had been prepared accordingly, the study's overall objectives were all
achieved. Implicitly or not, this study has provided researchers with such comprehensive experience in
conducting data analysis, data visualisation, and dashboard development. In the future, analytics based
on machine learning will be added to the dashboard to make it work better.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Malaysia Institute of Transport (MITRANS), UiTM for sponsoring
this publication.
CONSER-2022
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151 (2023) 012049
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012049
8
References
[1] Khalid A, Hassan N, Razak N and Baharuden A 2020 Business intelligence dashboard for driver
performance in fleet management Proceedings of the 2020 11th International Conference on
E-Education, E-Business, E-Management, and E-Learning 347-351
[2] Salleh S S, Mohamed N A, and Shah N A 2021 Simulating data stories of clients’ credit card
default Application of Modelling and Simulation 6 184 190
[3] Carlos J Costa and Manuela A 2019 Supporting the decision on dashboard design charts The IIER
International Conference, p10-15
[4] Sarikaya A, Correll M, Bartram L, Tory M and Fisher D 2019 what do we talk about when we talk
about dashboards? IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25(1) 682-
692
[5] Paula Lopex 2017 Discovering hidden knowledge in aviation data, Retrieved on 28/9/2022
https://datascience.aero/discovering-hidden-knowledge-aviation-data/
[6] Carvalho L, Sternberg A, Maia Goncalves L, Beatriz Cruz A, Soares J, Brandao D, Carvalho D,
and Ogasawara E 2020 On the relevance of data science for flight delay research: a systematic
review Transport Reviews 41(4) 499-528
[7] Air travel consumer report: consumer complaints up from may nearly 270 percent above pre-
pandemic levels 2022 US Department of Transportation Technical report retrieved on
28/9/2022, https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/air-travel-consumer-report-
consumer-complaints-may-nearly-270-percent-above-pre
[8] Prasant V 2019 Big data analytic on aviation trends in U.S. and determining possible enhancements
for flight delays Technical Report
[9] Manjunatha K B, Achyutha P, Kalashetty J, Rekha V S and Nirmala G 2022 Business analysis
and modelling of flight delays using artificial intelligence International Journal of Health
Sciences 6(S1) 78977908
[10] Ng C, Bil C, Sardina S and O’bree T 2022 Designing an expert system to support aviation
occurrence investigations Expert Systems with Applications 117994 207
[11] Jiang Y, Li S, Huang J, and Scott N 2019 Worry and anger from flight delay: Antecedents and
consequences International Journal of Tourism Research 22(3) 289 302
[12] Sivaiah G V and Sheeja R 2020 Flight scheduling for airport throughput and flight delay
optimization Journal of Critical Reviews 7(14) 1211 1217
[13] Tian H, Presa-Reyes M, Tao Y, Wang T, Pouyanfar S, Miguel A, Luis S, Shyu M, Chen S, and
Iyengar S 2021 Data analytics for air travel data: A survey and new Perspectives ACM
Computer. Survey 54(8) 1-35
[14] Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2022
https://www.transtats.bts.gov/DL_SelectFields.asp?gnoyr_VQ=FGJ&QO_fu146_anzr=b0-
gvzr, On-Time: Reporting Carrier On-Time Performance (1987-present). Retrieved on 30
Sept 2022
[15] Hajko J and Badánik B 2020 Airline on-time performance management Transp. Res. Procedia 51
8297, https://doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.11.011
[16] Liang Y 2018 Application of Gestalt psychology in product human-machine Interface design.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 392, 062054.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757- 899x/392/6/062054
[17] Tamara M 2015 Visualization Analysis & Design, CRC Press by Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN:
13: 978-1-4665-0893-4
[18] Bertini E, Lam H and Peter A 2011 Summaries: A special issue on evaluation for information
visualisation Information Visualization 10(3) 161-161
[19] Yeh N 2019 How to efficiently evaluate information visualization?
https://medium.com/visumd/how-to-efficiently-evaluate-information-visualization-
69bece7b30b1, Retrieved on 30 Sept 2022